"I Have a Dream" is the famous name given to the sixteen minute public speech In public speaking, as in any form of communication, there are five basic elements, often expressed as "who is saying what to whom using what medium with what effects?" The purpose of public speaking can range from simply transmitting information, to motivating people to act, to simply telling a story. Good orators should be able to by Martin Luther King, Jr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was an American clergyman, activist and prominent leader in the African American civil rights movement. His main legacy was to secure progress on civil rights in the United States, and he has become a human rights icon: King is recognized as a martyr by two Christian churches. A Baptist minister, King became a civil rights, in which he called for racial equality Racial equality refers to social equality for people of different races. It is a stated goal of most current political movements. The divergence of any particular society from a state of racial equality is often contested by members of that society of different races and an end to discrimination CERD · CEDAW · CDE · ILO C111 · ILO C100 · ILO C169 · Protocol No. 12 ECHR. King's delivery of the speech on August 28, 1963, from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial The Lincoln Memorial is an American memorial built to honor the 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. It is located on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. and was dedicated on May 30, 1922. The architect was Henry Bacon, the sculptor of the main statue was Daniel Chester French, and the painter of the interior murals was Jules during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom was a large political rally that took place in Washington, D.C. on August 28, 1963. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his historic "I Have a Dream" speech advocating racial harmony at the Lincoln Memorial during the march, was a defining moment of the American Civil Rights Movement The African-American Civil Rights Movement refers to the reform movements in the United States aimed at outlawing racial discrimination against African Americans and restoring Suffrage in Southern states. This article covers the phase of the movement between 1954 and 1968, particularly in the South. By 1966, the emergence of the Black Power. Delivered to over 200,000 civil rights supporters,[1] the speech is often considered to be one of the greatest and most notable speeches in human history The history of the world is the recorded memory of the experience of Homo sapiens. Ancient human history begins with the invention, independently at several sites on Earth, of writing, which created the infrastructure for lasting, accurately transmitted memories and thus for the diffusion and growth of knowledge. Nevertheless, an appreciation of and was ranked the top American ^ b. English is the de facto language of American government and the sole language spoken at home by 80% of Americans age five and older. Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language speech of the 20th century by a 1999 poll of scholars of public address.[2] According to U.S. Representative The United States House of Representatives, commonly referred to as the "House," is the lower house of the bicameral United States Congress, the upper house being the United States Senate John Lewis John Robert Lewis is an American politician and was a leader in the American Civil Rights Movement. He was chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and played a key role in the struggle to end segregation. Lewis, a member of the Democratic Party, has represented Georgia's 5th congressional district (map) in the United, who also spoke that day as the President of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, "Dr. King had the power, the ability, and the capacity to transform those steps on the Lincoln Memorial into a monumental area that will forever be recognized. By speaking the way he did, he educated, he inspired, he informed not just the people there, but people throughout America and unborn generations."[3]

At the end of the speech, King departed from his prepared text for a partly improvised peroration on the theme of "I have a dream", possibly prompted by Mahalia Jackson Mahalia Jackson was an African-American gospel singer. With her powerful, distinct voice, Mahalia Jackson became one of the most influential gospel singers in the world and is the first Queen of Gospel Music. She recorded about 35 albums (mostly for Columbia Records) during her career, and her 45 rpm records included a dozen "golds"—'s cry, "Tell them about the dream, Martin!"[4] He had delivered a speech incorporating some of the same sections in Detroit Detroit is the largest city in the U.S. state of Michigan and the seat of Wayne County. Detroit is a major port city on the Detroit River, in the Midwest region of the United States. Located north of Windsor, Ontario, Detroit is the only major U.S. city that looks south to Canada. It was founded on July 24, 1701, by the Frenchman Antoine de la in June 1963, when he marched on Woodward Avenue with Walter Reuther and the Reverend C. L. Franklin, and had rehearsed other parts.[5]

Contents

Style

Widely hailed as a masterpiece of rhetoric Rhetoric is the art of using language to communicate effectively. It involves three audience appeals: logos, pathos, and ethos, as well as the five canons of rhetoric: invention or discovery, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery. Along with grammar and logic or dialectic, rhetoric is one of the three ancient arts of discourse. From ancient, King's speech resembles the style of a Baptist sermon A sermon is an oration by a prophet or member of the clergy. Sermons address a Biblical, theological, religious, or moral topic, usually expounding on a type of belief, law or behavior within both past and present contexts. Elements of preaching include exposition, exhortation and practical application (King himself was a Baptist minister). It appeals to such iconic and widely respected sources as the Bible The Bible refers to collections of sacred scripture of Judaism and Christianity. There is no single version: both the individual books and their order vary. The Hebrew Bible contains 39 books, while Christian Bibles range from the 66 books of the Protestant canon to 81 books in the Ethiopian Orthodox Bible. The oldest surviving Christian Bibles and invokes the United States Declaration of Independence The United States Declaration of Independence is a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies then at war with Great Britain were now independent states, and thus no longer a part of the British Empire. Written primarily by Thomas Jefferson, the Declaration is a formal, the Emancipation Proclamation The Emancipation Proclamation consists of two executive orders issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. The first one, issued September 22, 1862, declared the freedom of all slaves in any state of the Confederate States of America that did not return to Union control by January 1, 1863. The second order,, and the United States Constitution The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme law of the United States. It is the foundation and source of the legal authority underlying the existence of the United States of America and the federal government of the United States. It provides the framework for the organization of the United States government and for the. Early in his speech King alludes An allusion is a reference to, or representation of, a place, event, literary work, myth, or work of art, either directly or by implication. M.H. Abrams defined allusion as "a brief reference, explicit or indirect, to a person, place or event, or to another literary work or passage". It is left to the reader or hearer to make the to Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. He successfully led his country through its greatest internal crisis, the American Civil War, preserving the Union and ending slavery. Before his election in 1860 as the first Republican president, Lincoln had been a country's Gettysburg Address The Gettysburg Address is a speech by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln and is one of the best-known speeches in United States history. It was delivered by Lincoln during the American Civil War, on the afternoon of Thursday, November 19, 1863, at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, four and a half months by saying "Five score years ago..." Biblical allusions are also prevalent. For example, King alludes to Psalm 30:5[6] in the second stanza of the speech. He says in reference to the abolition of slavery Abolitionism was a movement in western Europe and the Americas to end the slave trade and set slaves free. The slave system aroused little protest until the 18th century, when rationalist thinkers of the Enlightenment criticized it for violating the rights of man, and Quaker and other evangelical religious groups condemned it as un-Christian articulated in the Emancipation Proclamation, "It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity." Another Biblical allusion is found in King's tenth stanza: "No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream." This is an allusion to Amos 5:24.[7] King also quotes from Isaiah 40:4-5—"I have a dream that every valley shall be exalted..."[8] Additionally, King alludes to the opening lines of Shakespeare William Shakespeare [a] was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon".[b] His surviving works, including some collaborations, consist of about 38 plays,[c] 154 sonnets, two long's "Richard III" when he remarks, "this sweltering summer of the Negro The word Negro was used in the English-speaking world to refer to a person of black ancestry or appearance, whether of African descent or not, prior to the shift in the lexicon of American and worldwide classification of race and ethnicity in the late 1960s. The word "negro" means "black" in Spanish and Portuguese, from the's legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn..."

Anaphora In rhetoric, an anaphora is a rhetorical device that consists of repeating a sequence of words at the beginnings of neighboring clauses, thereby lending them emphasis. In contrast, an epistrophe (or epiphora) is repeating words at the clauses' ends. See also other figures of speech involving repetition, the repetition of a phrase at the beginning of sentences, is a rhetorical tool employed throughout the speech. An example of anaphora is found early as King urges his audience to seize the moment: "Now is the time..." is repeated four times in the sixth paragraph. The most widely cited example of anaphora is found in the often quoted phrase "I have a dream..." which is repeated eight times as King paints a picture of an integrated and unified America for his audience. Other occasions when King used anaphora include "One hundred years later," "We can never be satisfied," "With this faith," "Let freedom ring," and "free at last."

Speech title

That which is known as the "I Have a Dream Speech" has been shown to have had several versions, written at several different times.[9] The speech has no single version draft, but is an amalgamation of several drafts, and was originally called "Normalcy, Never Again." Little of this, and another "Normalcy Speech," ends up in the final draft. A draft of "Normalcy, Never Again" is housed in the Morehouse College Martin Luther King, Jr. Collection of Robert W. Woodruff Library of the Atlanta University Center and Morehouse College.[10] Our focus on "I have a dream," comes through the speech's delivery. Toward the end of its delivery noted African American gospel Gospel music is music that is written to express either personal, spiritual or a communal belief regarding Christian life, as well as to give a Christian alternative to mainstream secular music songstress Mahalia Jackson Mahalia Jackson was an African-American gospel singer. With her powerful, distinct voice, Mahalia Jackson became one of the most influential gospel singers in the world and is the first Queen of Gospel Music. She recorded about 35 albums (mostly for Columbia Records) during her career, and her 45 rpm records included a dozen "golds"— shouted to Dr. King from the crowd, "Tell them about the dream, Martin".[11] Dr. King stopped delivering his prepared speech and started "preaching", punctuating his points with "I have a dream."

Key excerpts

Legacy

The March on Washington put much more pressure on the Kennedy John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy , often referred to by his initials JFK, was the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963 administration to advance civil rights Civil and political rights are a class of rights and freedoms that protect individuals from unwarranted action by government and private organizations and individuals and ensure one's ability to participate in the civil and political life of the state without discrimination or repression legislation in Congress. The diaries of Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. Arthur Meier Schlesinger Jr., born Arthur Bancroft Schlesinger , was a Pulitzer Prize recipient and American historian and social critic whose work explored the liberalism of American political leaders including Franklin D. Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, and Robert F. Kennedy. He served as special assistant and "court historian" to, published posthumously in 2007, suggest that President Kennedy was concerned that if the march failed to attract large numbers of demonstrators, it might undermine his civil rights efforts.

In the wake of the speech and march, King was named Man of the Year The tradition of selecting a Man of the Year began in 1927, with Time editors contemplating newsworthy stories possible during a slow news week. The idea was also an attempt to remedy the editorial embarrassment earlier that year for not having aviator Charles Lindbergh on its cover following his historic trans-Atlantic flight. By the end of the by TIME magazine Time is an American news magazine. A European edition (Time Europe, formerly known as Time Atlantic) is published from London. Time Europe covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition (Time Asia) is based in Hong Kong. As of 2009, Time no longer publishes a Canadian advertiser edition. The South Pacific edition, for 1963, and in 1964, he was the youngest person ever awarded the Nobel Peace Prize The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel.[12]

In 2004, the Library of Congress The Library of Congress is the research library of the United States Congress, de facto national library of the United States, and the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States. Located in three buildings in Washington, D.C., it is the largest library in the world by shelf space and holds the largest number of books. The head of the honored the speech by adding it to the United States National Recording Registry The National Recording Registry is a list of sound recordings that "are culturally, historically, or aesthetically important, and/or inform or reflect life in the United States". The registry was established by the National Recording Preservation Act of 2000, which created the National Recording Preservation Board, whose members are.

In 2003, the National Park Service The National Park Service is the U.S. federal agency that manages all national parks, many national monuments, and other conservation and historical properties with various title designations. It was created on August 25, 1916, by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act dedicated an inscribed marble pedestal to commemorate the location of King's speech at the Lincoln Memorial.[13]

In popular culture

On the day King delivered his speech, two women, Janice Wylie and Emily Hoffert, were murdered in their Manhattan Manhattan is one of the five boroughs of New York City. Located primarily on Manhattan Island at the mouth of the Hudson River, the boundaries of the borough are identical to those of New York County, an original county of the state of New York. It consists of Manhattan Island and several small adjacent islands: Roosevelt Island, Randall's Island, apartment. The case became known as the Career Girls Murders and included a young black man named George Whitmore, Jr being unjustly accused of this and other crimes. The case became the basis for the 1973 TV movie, The Marcus-Nelson Murders, starring Telly Savalas Aristotelis “Telly” Savalas was an American film and television actor and singer, whose career spanned four decades. Best known for playing the title role in the 1970s crime drama Kojak, Savalas was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in Birdman of Alcatraz (1962). His other movie credits include The as police Lt. Theo Kojak, and was the pilot for the popular Kojak Kojak is an American television series starring Telly Savalas as the eponymous, bald New York City Police Department Detective Lieutenant Theo Kojak. It aired from October 24, 1973 to March 18, 1978 on CBS. It took the time slot of the popular Cannon series, which was moved one hour earlier. Kojak's Greek heritage, shared by actor Savalas, was crime drama. The "I Have a Dream" speech is shown being broadcast on a TV set in the opening scenes of the movie; a young black man is beaten by the police in order to get him to confess to the crime; and this leads to the passing of the Miranda rights The Miranda warning is a warning that is required to be given by police in the United States to criminal suspects in police custody (or in a custodial situation) before they are interrogated to inform them about their constitutional rights by the Supreme Court The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States, and leads the federal judiciary. It consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight Associate Justices, who are nominated by the President and confirmed with the "advice and consent" of the Senate. Once appointed, Justices effectively.[14]

Similarities to other speeches

Further information: Martin Luther King, Jr. authorship issues

Approximately twenty percent, the last two minutes, of King's historic speech bears a resemblance to a speech delivered in 1952 at the Republican National Convention by Reverend Archibald Carey, Jr., a personal friend of King's. Many, however, believe that the similarities are so slight that they do not come close to the level of plagiarism.[15]

Copyright dispute

Because King distributed copies of the speech at its performance, there was controversy regarding the speech's copyright status for some time. This led to a lawsuit, Estate of Martin Luther King, Jr., Inc. v. CBS, Inc., which established that the King estate does hold copyright over the speech and had standing to sue; the parties then settled. Unlicensed use of the speech or a part of it can still be lawful in some circumstances, especially in jurisdictions under doctrines such as fair use or fair dealing. Under the applicable copyright laws, the speech will remain under copyright in the United States until 70 years after King's death, thus until 2038.

References

  1. ^ Hansen, D, D. (2003). The Dream: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Speech that Inspired a Nation. New York, NY: Harper Collins. p. 177.
  2. ^ Stephen Lucas and Martin Medhurst (December 15, 1999). ""I Have a Dream" Speech Leads Top 100 Speeches of the Century". University of Wisconsin–Madison. http://www.news.wisc.edu/releases/3504.html. Retrieved 2006-07-18.
  3. ^ "A "Dream" Remembered". NewsHour. August 28, 2003. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/race_relations/july-dec03/march_08-28.html. Retrieved 2006-07-19.
  4. ^ See Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters: America in the King Years 1954-1963.
  5. ^ "Interview With Martin Luther King III". CNN. August 22, 2003. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0308/22/se.18.html. Retrieved 2007-01-15.
  6. ^ "Psalm 30:5". Today's New International Version of the Bible. http://www.tniv.info/bible/passagesearch.php?passage_request=Psalm+30%3A5&submit=Lookup&kjv=yes&display_option=columns. Retrieved 2007-01-15.
  7. ^ "Amos 5:24". King James Version of the Bible. http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Amos%205:24&version=KJV;. Retrieved 2010-01-13.
  8. ^ "Isaiah 40:4-5". King James Version of the Bible. http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=isaiah%2040:4-5&version=KJV;. Retrieved 2010-01-13.
  9. ^ Hansen, D, D. (2003). The original name of the speech was, "A Cancelled Check," but the aspired ad lib of the dream from preacher's annointing brought forth a new entitlement,"I Have A Dream." The Dream: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Speech that Inspired a Nation. New York, NY: Harper Collins. p. 70.
  10. ^ Morehouse College Martin Luther King, Jr. Collection, 2009. Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center
  11. ^ Hansen, D, D. (2003). The Dream: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Speech that Inspired a Nation. New York, NY: Harper Collins. p. 58.
  12. ^ "Martin Luther King". The Nobel Foundation. 1964. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1964/king-bio.html. Retrieved 2007-04-20.
  13. ^ "We Shall Overcome, Historic Places of the Civil Rights Movement: Lincoln Memorial". U.S. National Park Service. http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/civilrights/dc1.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-15.
  14. ^ The Wylie-Hoffert Career Girl Murders by Marvin Smilon
  15. ^ "Martin Luther King". Snopes. http://www.snopes.com/inboxer/outrage/mlking.asp. Retrieved 2007-11-29.

External links

Martin Luther King, Jr.
Speeches and sermons · Writings · Movements and protests
Speeches "How Long, Not Long" · "I Have a Dream" · "I've Been to the Mountaintop"
Writings Letter from Birmingham Jail · "What is Man?"
Movements and protests Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955) · Nashville sit-ins (1960) · Albany Movement (1961) · Birmingham campaign (1963) · March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (1963) · Selma Voting Rights Movement (1965) · Chicago Freedom Movement (1965–67) · Memphis Sanitation Strike (1968) · Poor People's Campaign (1968)
People
Family Martin Luther King, Sr. (father) · Alberta Williams King (mother) · Christine King Farris (sister) · Alfred Daniel Williams King (brother) · Coretta Scott King (wife) · Yolanda King (daughter) · Martin Luther King III (son) · Dexter Scott King (son) · Bernice King (daughter) · Alveda King (niece)
Others Benjamin Mays (mentor) · Bayard Rustin (advisor) · Ralph Abernathy (colleague) · James Bevel (strategist and colleague)
Assassination
James Earl Ray · William Francis Pepper · Loyd Jowers
Media
Film and TV King: A Filmed Record... Montgomery to Memphis (documentary film) · "The First Store" (The Jeffersons episode) · King (TV miniseries) · "The Promised Land" (New York Undercover episode) · "Return of the King" (The Boondocks episode)
Songs "Martin Luther King's Dream" (Strawbs) · "Happy Birthday" (Stevie Wonder) · "Pride (In the Name of Love)" (U2) · "MLK" (U2) · "King Holiday" (King Dream Chorus and Holiday Crew) · "Shed a Little Light" (James Taylor) · "Up to the Mountain (MLK Song)" (Patti Griffin)
Related topics
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) · Martin Luther King, Jr. Day · Lee-Jackson-King Day · National Historic Site · National Memorial · National Civil Rights Museum · Eponymous streets · Authorship issues · Letter to an Anti-Zionist Friend

Categories: 1963 in the United States | History of African-American civil rights | Speeches | United States historical documents | American political slogans | United States National Recording Registry recordings | Works by Martin Luther King, Jr.

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